1. What is a mutual
fund?
A mutual fund is a collective investment vehicle. It is a pool of investors’ money
invested according to pre-specified investment objectives. All those who invest
into the collective investment are eligible to receive the gains in proportion to
their contribution. Since there is mutuality in the contribution and the benefit,
hence the name ‘mutual’ fund.
2. Who is a unit holder?
The investment in a mutual fund is represented to the investor in units. Just as
investors in equity jointly hold shares of a company, mutual fund investors jointly
hold units of the fund. A mutual fund investor is called a unit holder just as an
investor in equity shares is called a share holder.
3. How is a mutual
fund set up?
Mutual funds in India have a three-tier structure that consists a sponsor, a trust
and an Asset Management Company (AMC). (represent in diagram) For IDBI Mutual Fund
IDBI Bank Limited – Sponsor IDBI MF Trustee Company Limited – Trust IDBI Asset Management
Limited – AMC
4. Who is a sponsor?
The sponsor is the promoter of the mutual fund, who sets up the trust and the AMC,
appoints the board of trustees and the board of directors of the AMC. The sponsor
seeks regulatory approval for the mutual fund. IDBI Bank Limited is the sponsor
for IDBI Mutual Fund.
5. How is the sponsor
appointed?
SEBI has laid down the eligibility criteria for a sponsor. A sponsor should:
- have at least five years’ experience in the financial services industry.
- have a good financial track record of at least three years prior to registration
of the fund. (Positive net worth is essential).
- contribute at least 40% of the capital of the asset management company (AMC).
6. How is the mutual
fund set up?
The sponsor creates the mutual fund itself as a trust. Investors in the mutual fund
are the beneficiaries of the trust.
7. Who are the trustees?
Trustees are appointed by the sponsor, with SEBI approval, to act on behalf of the
investors. The trustee company supervises the management of the mutual fund, safeguarding
the interest of the unit holders. IDBI MF Trustee Company Limited is the trustee
for IDBI Mutual Fund.
8. Who sets up the
Asset Management Company?
The AMC is appointed by the trustees of the fund, in consultation with the sponsor
and with the approval of SEBI. An AMC is required to maintain a net worth of at
least Rs.50 crore at all times. IDBI Asset Management Limited is the AMC for IDBI
Mutual Funds.
9. What is the role
of the Asset Management Company?
The Asset Management Company’s primary role is to manage the contributions from
investors and take investment decisions. Investments are managed on a daily basis
by a team of professional fund managers.
10. How does a mutual
fund operate?
Mutual funds formulate different schemes based on different asset classes catering
to different types of investors. Each scheme is managed by a professionally qualified
fund manager. As the unit holders invest money into a particular scheme, the fund
manager buys shares, bonds and other securities (depending on the asset class that
the fund invests in) and creates a portfolio of such securities. The unit holders
are allotted units based on the NAV of the fund. The rise or fall in the NAV determines
the returns to investor.
11. What are mutual
fund schemes?
Mutual funds create a range of products, called as mutual fund schemes, to cater
to varying needs and preferences of investors. Each of these schemes has a separate
portfolio based on its investment objective.
12. What is a portfolio?
A portfolio is a collection of securities. These securities can be equity shares,
bonds, debentures, deposits, money market instruments, derivatives and the like.
13. What kind of securities
do mutual funds invest in?
Mutual funds can invest only in marketable securities, or securities that can be
traded in a market and therefore have a market price.
14. What are the factors
that influence the performance of mutual funds?
The performance of mutual funds is influenced by the performance of the underlying
securities as well as the market performance as a whole. Equity Funds are influenced
by the the performance of the stock market. Debt funds are influenced by movement
of interest rates and changes in the credit quality of the bonds/debentures.
15. What is NAV?
NAV is the net asset value of a mutual fund. It is basically the price of one unit
of a mutual fund. Mutual fund units are bought and sold on the basis of a fund's
net asset value.
16. Why does the NAV
of a mutual fund change everyday?
The value of the investment portfolio of a mutual fund changes every time there
is a change in market price of the securities it holds. Since NAV reflects the current
value of each unit, it is computed everyday.
17. How is NAV calculated?
NAV can be calculated as: Assets of the fund – liabilities of the fund / Number
of outstanding units for that fund. Example: Rs.25 crore is the market value of
a mutual fund’s portfolio and its current liabilities are Rs 1crore. The number
of units held in the fund are 2 crore. The NAV will be computed as: (25-1)/2 = 12.
Thus, the NAV will be Rs.12
18. How often is the
NAV declared?
Mutual fund companies declare NAV on a daily basis in case of an open ended mutual
fund and on a weekly basis in case of close ended mutual funds.
19. By what time is
the NAV published?
NAV is published for all funds (except Fund of Funds) by 9pm every working day.
A fund of funds (FOF) can publish its NAV only after the underlying funds have published
their NAV.
20. What is sale price
for a mutual fund?
The sale price of a mutual fund is the price at which investors invest into a mutual
fund.
21. What is the repurchase/redemption
price for a mutual fund?
Repurchase or redemption price is the price that you receive on selling each unit
of your mutual fund investment.
22. How can I earn
returns from mutual funds?
- Through Dividends declared
- By selling the mutual fund units at a price higher than that at which you bought
them
23. How can I monitor
or track the NAV of mutual funds I have invested in?
Investor can track the performance of mutual funds through the NAV of the scheme.
The NAV of mutual fund schemes, along with the sale and repurchase price is published
every business day at https://www.idbimutual.co.in/nav_equity.asp and on the website
of Amfi (https://www.amfiindia.com/net-asset-value) . Therefore, fund of funds have
to publish their NAV by 10am of the next day following the business day. NAVs are
also be published in at least two daily newspapers having nationwide circulation.
24. What are the different
types of mutual funds?
-
- Investment Categories
Funds can be classified depending on investment category (also called asset class)
they focus on. For example, equity funds, debt funds, hybrid funds, money market
funds, commodity funds, real estate funds and gold funds.
- Investment Objective
The objective of funds can be used to classify them. For example, growth funds and
income funds, tax saving funds, children’s plans, monthly income plan (MIP).
-
- Structure
Funds are also classified on the basis of their structure – open-ended and close-ended funds.
- Investment strategy
Funds are classified as active and passive, dynamic and asset allocation, diversified and concentrated, based on the how the portfolio is created and the investment strategy adopted by the fund manager.
25. What are open-ended funds?
An open-ended fund does not have a pre decided maturity date. It is open to accept purchases and redemptions at any time. An open-ended fund offers units to investors for the first time during the new fund offer (NFO). You can buy (purchase) and sell (redeem) units of an open- ended fund, at the mutual fund offices or their investor service centers (ISCs) on a continuous basis.
26. What are close-ended funds?
Close-ended funds operate for a specific period. On the specified maturity date, all units are redeemed and the scheme comes to a close. Closed-end funds are offered in an NFO but are closed for further purchases after the NFO. The units of a closed-end fund are compulsorily listed on a stock exchange to provide liquidity.
27. What are debt or fixed income funds?
Debt funds invest in predominantly fixed income securities, such as bonds, debentures, deposits. Debt securities have a fixed maturity date and pay a specific rate of interest. There are different types of debt funds that invest in various market segments.
28. What are money market funds or liquid funds?
Money market funds or liquid funds invest in debt securities with less than 91 days to maturity such as treasury bills, commercial papers and certificates of deposits.
29. What are gilt funds?
Gilt funds invest in government securities. These funds do not have the risk of default since the issuer of the instruments is the government. Gilt funds, however, may have a high degree of interest rate risk, depending on their maturity.
30. What are income funds?
Income funds invest in debt securities issued by companies, banks, financial institutions and government. The risk of default is also higher in these funds as compared to gilt funds, since they also invest in securities issued by non-government agencies that carry credit risk.
31. What are equity funds?
Equity funds invest in equity shares issued by companies. The risk of such funds is higher than that of debt funds, since equity offers a lower income (dividend) and can be volatile (changes in market value). However, equity funds offer long-term capital appreciation. The risk level of equity funds can differ depending upon the investment strategies adopted by the fund manager.
32. What are index funds?
The objective is to replicate the portfolio of a particular index such as the BSE Sensitive index, S&P NSE 50 index (Nifty). The fund manager Invests in the securities in the same weightage comprising of an index.
33. What are diversified equity funds?
These funds invest in equity shares across sectors, sizes and industries. They are less risky because of the diversified nature of the portfolio. Diversified funds may invest in large companies, only smaller mid cap companies or a mix of large and mid-sized companies.
34. What are sector funds?
Sector funds invest in the securities of only those sectors or industries as specified in the offer documents.
35. What are Tax saving funds?
Equity Linked Saving Scheme (ELSS) and Rajiv Gandhi Equity Saving Scheme (RGESS) offer tax benefits on investments.
36. What is ELSS?
Equity linked saving schemes (ELSS) offer tax benefits under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Investment up to Rs. 1,50,000 in a year in such funds can be deducted from taxable income of individual investors. An ELSS holds at least 80% of the portfolio in equity securities. Such funds have a lock-in period of 3 years from the date of investment.
37. What is RGESS?
RGESS provides tax benefit to ‘New Retail Investors’, with annual income less than Rs.12 lakh, for investment up to Rs.50,000/-. The scheme invests in CNX 100/BSE 100 shares, select PSU shares, ETFs and mutual fund schemes investing in ‘eligible securities’.
38. What are growth and income funds?
-
- Growth Funds –
The objective of the fund is capital appreciation of the investments over the medium to long term. Majority corpus of such scheme is invested in equities.
- Income Funds –
The objective is to provide regular income. Such funds invest mainly in fixed income securities such as bonds, corporate debentures and Government securities.
39. What are Fund of Funds?
Fund of funds (FoFs) invests in other funds. Its portfolio is not made up of securities, but is a portfolio of funds as per the investment objective of the FoF. Some fund of funds may invest in other mutual funds, not necessarily from the same fund house. They are called multi-manager funds.
40. What are hybrid funds?
Funds that have a combination of debt and equity in their portfolio are called hybrid funds. They may serve the needs of investors who look for a combination of income-oriented and growth-oriented investments.
41. What are balanced funds?
Balanced funds are equity-oriented hybrids that invest at least 65% in equity, and the rest in debt securities to offer a cushion from the risk of an all equity portfolio. They are sought by investors who seek growth with some protection from volatility.
42. What is a monthly income plan (MIP)?
MIP invests a larger proportion of the portfolio in debt securities, with a smaller allocation to equity (usually 5% to 30%). They are suitable for investors predominantly looking for regular income.
43. What are international funds?
An international fund can invest into one or more foreign funds. Some of them may invest in a combination of Indian securities and international securities. They are suitable for investors looking for international diversification to their investments.
44. What are exchange traded funds (ETFs)?
ETFs are open-ended funds that track a market index, but are listed on the stock exchange. Purchase and sale transactions are completed on the stock exchange through a broker. Demat accounts are used for settlement of the transactions. ETFs can be bought or sold at market prices, without waiting for the NAV that is declared only at the end of the day.
45. What are the factors to consider while selecting a mutual fund scheme?
The appropriate fund for investment by an investor is one whose investment objective matches that of the investor. Schemes may be fitted to investor objectives based on three basic criteria: risk, return and investing horizon. Every fund product would offer a different combination of these basic characteristics. Selection of funds requires evaluation of these features, before making an investment decision.
46. When should I consider investing in an equity fund?
You may choose equity funds if the requirement for return is higher, investing horizon is longer; and ability to take on short-term volatility for long-term growth is higher.
47. When should I consider investing in a debt fund?
If you seek lower risks, have a shorter investing horizon and are willing to settle for a lower return, you may consider investing in debt funds.
48. What are the factors to consider while selecting an equity mutual fund?
- Fund performance:
Longer term performance rather than short-term returns should be used to select equity funds
- Portfolio concentration:
Concentration of a portfolio can also be assessed from the number of stocks and sectors to which the fund has exposure. Higher the concentration higher the risk
- Market Capitalization:
The market cap of the stocks in the portfolio should be in line with the objectives of the portfolio
- Portfolio turnover:
If the stocks held in a portfolio are changed very frequently it may indicate timing and momentum trading as strategies to generate return increasing transaction costs
- AUM:
Larger-sized fund brings in efficiencies of cost and operations but it may restrict the ability of the fund in responding to the changing market situations.
- Age:
An older fund will have a longer performance history for evaluation and may be preferred
- Style:
An actively managed fund may be riskier than a passive fund. Dividend yield funds that focus on value are less risky, compared to growth-oriented funds.
49. What are the factors to consider while selecting a debt fund?
- Average Maturity:
The investing horizon of the investor may be matched
- Yield & Total Return:
The yield of a debt fund portfolio indicates the return that the portfolio is earning.
- Expense Ratio:
A debt fund with lower expense ratio should be preferred to those with higher expense ratios.
- Credit Quality:
The credit rating of instruments in the portfolio indicates the extent of credit risk in the fund
- Performance of the fund:
Performance of debt funds is typically evaluated for periods from three months to one year.
50. How do mutual funds help me save tax?
Equity funds that are specially designated as equity linked saving schemes (ELSS) that offer tax benefits to individuals under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act upto Rs.1,50,000 in a financial year.
51. What are the benefits of investing in a mutual fund?
52. How do mutual funds help mitigate risks from investing in the market?
Portfolio diversification is a benefit derived from investment in securities spread across various companies, industries, issuers and maturities. The portfolio will not be affected by the performance of one or few of the securities.
53. My transaction costs of direct investing in the market are typically higher. Will the mutual fund charges also be similarly high?
Mutual funds feature low transaction cost from economies of scale. Since the fund invests large sums of money, the costs of research, broking, demat and custodial services come down. Small amounts invested in a fund get the benefits of the large pool.
54. Can I just not invest directly and create a portfolio of securities?
Professional management by mutual funds offers expertise in managing the investors’ funds, bringing the benefits of research, analysis and process-driven approach to investing, which may not be possible for you as individual investors. Instead of a large outlay of funds to achieve these objectives directly, investors can choose mutual funds, investing as little as Rs.500 to get these benefits at a low cost.
55. Mutual funds are not customized portfolios. Are there enough options available for me as an investor to choose products that I am looking for?
Investors can choose their investment to suit their particular needs and preferences. Mutual funds offer closed and open-ended schemes, offer options to stay invested, receive or reinvest dividends. These variations offer higher flexibility of when to invest, how to receive the returns, how long to stay invested and when to redeem the units.
56. Do mutual funds only allow lump sum investments? Will mutual funds allow me to invest systematically?
Mutual funds encourage systematic investments. Investors can choose systematic investment plans to invest regularly, systematic withdrawal plans to withdraw regularly in order to structure regular cash flow from the investment account or systematic transfer plans to transfer money from one scheme to another.
57. Will I be able to redeem my investments whenever I want to?
Mutual funds structure the portfolio in such a way that they are able to provide liquidity to the investor
58. How safe is it to invest in mutual funds?
Mutual funds are created as a trust, primarily so as to safeguard interests of investors. They are closely regulated by Sebi which is the primary regulatory authority for the Indian markets as a whole. The structure of a mutual fund is also well regulated, offering a high level of information disclosure, investor protection and regulatory controls. Mutual fund distributors have to be registered with Amfi obtain an ARN and abide by the prescribed code of ethics.
59. What are the risks involved with investing in a mutual fund?
Mutual fund investments involve an element of risk. Some of the risks they face are –
- Market Risk – Risk faced by an investor due to change in the value of a share of a company. A mutual fund will reduce the risk by diversified portfolio.
- Credit Risk – There are risks that the company may fail and be unable to give back the promised amount.
- Interest Rate Risk - As interest rates rise, the price of a fixed rate bond falls, and vice versa.
- Inflation Risk – Inflation reduces the purchasing power. Investor faces the risk when the rate of inflation exceeds the rate of return on investments.
- Changes in the Government Policy – government policy and taxation affects the company which in turn is reflected in the share price.
60. What are the different ways of investing in mutual funds?
- Offline through application forms
- Online through IDBI website and other distributor portals
61. What are the different modes of investing in mutual funds?
- Through Agents (Offline through application form)
- Through mutual fund distributor or broker
- Through banks
- Through corporate agents
- Online
- Through share broking portal
- Through online mutual fund agents
- Through banks
- Mutual Fund Utilities
- Direct
- Through mutual fund branch
- Through investor service centre (Karvy office)
- Through mutual fund online website
62. What is dividend option?
In dividend options the profit earned by the companies is distributed as dividend. The dividend is paid from the NAV of the unit. The NAV of the fund is adjusted according to the dividend paid out. An investor also has an option to re-invest the dividend.
63. What is the growth option?
In the growth option, profits made by the scheme are invested back into it. This results in the net asset value (NAV) of the scheme rising over time.
64. What is Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)?
SIPs enable investors to invest a fixed sum periodically into a mutual fund scheme. Units are bought at the NAV-related price prevailing on the date of investment. The investment is thus staggered over time, reducing the risk of investing a lump sum at a specific time. Systematic investment thus lowers the average cost of purchase. This strategy is called as rupee cost averaging.
65. What is Systematic Withdrawal Plan (SWP)?
SWPs allow investors to make periodic redemptions at the prevailing NAV (less exit load as applicable). SWP enables investors to periodically book their profits in an investment. Investors are also able to generate a regular income by redeeming periodically, without the fund having to declare a dividend. Capital gains taxes will apply, depending on the nature of the scheme and holding period.
66. What is Systematic Transfer Plan (STP)?
STPs permit investors to periodically transfer a specified sum from one scheme to another within the same fund house. The transfer is considered as redemption from the scheme from which transfer is made (source scheme) and investment into the scheme in which the redemption proceeds are invested (destination scheme). The transfers are done at the applicable NAV on the date of the transaction. Loads will apply according to the policy of the AMC.
67. What is the right time to sell or exit a mutual fund investment?
- The fund consistently underperforms
- The fund deviates from its objective
- You want to rebalance your portfolio
- You had set a goal for the investment and it has been reached
68. What are the costs and expenses involved in mutual fund investing?
Asset management companies (AMCs) manage the assets of the mutual funds and take the investment decisions. These form part of the expense ratio. Apart from the expense ratio, you must bear the charges at the time of entry or exit.
69. What is the entry load?
It is a front-end charge deducted from the NAV at the time of investing in a mutual fund scheme. SEBI abolished entry loads in August 2009.
70. What is the exit load?
It is a charge levied when an investor redeems / sells his units in a short span of time since he made the investment. Mutual funds charge exit loads to deter investors from leaving mutual fund schemes before holding them for the recommended investment horizon.
71. What is the transaction charge?
For a first time investor, AMCs collect Rs 150 as a fee if the investment amount is more than Rs. 10,000 and Rs.100 for an existing investor. No fee can be charged for any amount less than Rs.10,000.
72. What are the expenses of mutual fund that the investor needs to bear?
All funds charge fee for their expenses. This is reflected in the expense ratio. AMCs charge investors for professional fund management and regular operational costs such as fees for fund management, marketing and selling expenses, including commissions, fees related to the holding and transaction in securities, audit and costs relating to investor communication and statutory disclosure.
73. Why do direct plans have a lower expense ratio?
All mutual funds provide a separate plan for direct investments (investments not routed through a distributor) in all schemes. These separate plans have a lower expense ratio, as distribution expenses and commission are excluded.
74. Do all mutual funds have the same structure for expense ratio?
Different mutual funds may have different expense ratios. Passively managed funds like index funds or ETFs have lower expense ratio than actively managed funds. Actively managed funds may also have different expense ratios, both within a fund house and between various fund houses. Lower costs reflect the operational efficiency of a mutual fund house.
75. How do costs affect returns on mutual fund?
Expenses are reduced from the net assets of the scheme. Therefore, higher expenses reduce the NAV and hence, returns to the investors. All other factors remaining the same, you must invest in a fund which has low expense ratio.
75. How do costs affect returns on mutual fund?
Expenses are reduced from the net assets of the scheme. Therefore, higher expenses reduce the NAV and hence, returns to the investors. All other factors remaining the same, you must invest in a fund which has low expense ratio.